Africa: Morocco Overtakes South Africa As Africa's Most Industrialised Economy

Morocco has displaced South Africa at the top of the African Development Bank's Africa Industrialisation Index for 2025, ending a 15-year run for South Africa as the continent's leading industrial economy. The AfDB, which unveiled the report at its Annual Meetings in Brazzaville, credited Morocco's rise to sustained industrial policy, export diversification, and manufacturing growth across automotive, aerospace, and infrastructure sectors.

The rest of the top 10 comprises Egypt, Tunisia, Mauritius, Algeria, Eswatini, Senegal, Namibia, and Côte d'Ivoire. The index assessed industrial development across 54 African countries between 2010 and 2024 and found that 41 improved their industrialisation scores, with Africa's overall industrial performance rising 6%. North and Southern Africa continue to dominate manufacturing output and export sophistication, while intra-African trade remains a structural weakness at just 14.4% of total trade.

Morocco's ascent is the product of two decades of policy execution. The automotive sector -- now the country's largest export industry -- produced 493,004 passenger cars in 2025, surpassing South Africa's 329,600 units. Automotive exports to the EU reached €15.1 billion in 2023. The aerospace sector, home to over 150 companies including Boeing, Airbus, Safran, and Thales, generated $2.87 billion in exports in 2024, up from $839 million a decade earlier. Infrastructure investments -- Tanger Med port, the Al Boraq high-speed rail line, and the Nador West Med complex -- have reinforced Morocco's position as a manufacturing and logistics hub connecting Europe, Africa, and the Middle East.

South Africa's decline centres on the collapse of two state monopolies. Power utility Eskom's chronic outages have forced manufacturers into costly self-generation, while the breakdown of Transnet's rail network has pushed freight onto roads and created port bottlenecks at Durban and Cape Town. GDP has grown at under 1% annually on average over the past decade, and gross fixed-capital formation contracted in 3 of 4 quarters in 2024. President Ramaphosa has estimated the country needs R1.6 trillion ($99 billion) in public infrastructure investment and R3.2 trillion from the private sector to meet its 2030 infrastructure goals.

The AfDB said Africa's industrial future depends on reliable energy, stronger infrastructure, technical skills, financing, and deeper regional integration under the African Continental Free Trade Area. "The continent's real deficit is no longer an absence of industrial strategies," said Harouna Kaboré, who contributed