Nuclear shell structure governs short-range nucleon pairing

Atomic nuclei are intricate quantum systems in which nucleons (protons and neutrons) are held together by the strong nuclear force. At very short distances, nucleons can momentarily form high-momentum pairs—known as short-range-correlated pairs—that shape the high-momentum structure of nuclear matter1,2. Studying how nucleons form short-range-correlated pairs provides a rare experimental window into the short-distance behaviour of the strong interaction3,4. Here we use the scattering of high-energy electrons from 40Ca, 48Ca and 54Fe, chosen for their distinct shell structures, to probe the formation of short-range-correlated pairs. Unexpectedly, we find that short-range-correlated pairing depends far more on the specific quantum orbitals occupied by protons and neutrons than on the nuclear mass or neutron–proton imbalance. This dependence is much stronger than that predicted by theoretical models. Our results point to a need for new angular-momentum quantum selection rules governing short-range nucleon pairing and reveal a deep connection between long-range nuclear shell structure and short-range interactions. The scattering of high-energy electrons from three different nuclei demonstrated that short-range-correlated pairing depends far more on the specific quantum orbitals occupied by nucleons than predicted by theoretical models.