Atomic force microscopy from nanoscale imaging to holistic exploration
Forty years after its invention, atomic force microscopy has evolved from a simple surface imaging tool into one of the most versatile measurement platforms in nanoscience. This Comment traces the key innovations.
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Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
Swiss Nanoscience Institute (SNI), Department of Physics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
Alsteens, D., Meyer, E., Müller, D.J. et al. Atomic force microscopy from nanoscale imaging to holistic exploration. Nat Rev Phys (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s42254-026-00956-3
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